1 | =head1 NAME |
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2 | |
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3 | perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.1.1.2 $, $Date: 2000-04-07 20:44:19 $) |
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4 | |
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5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
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6 | |
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7 | This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find |
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8 | source and documentation for Perl, support, and |
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9 | related matters. |
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10 | |
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11 | =head2 What machines support Perl? Where do I get it? |
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12 | |
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13 | The standard release of Perl (the one maintained by the perl |
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14 | development team) is distributed only in source code form. You |
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15 | can find this at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/latest.tar.gz , which |
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16 | in standard Internet format (a gzipped archive in POSIX tar format). |
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17 | |
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18 | Perl builds and runs on a bewildering number of platforms. Virtually |
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19 | all known and current Unix derivatives are supported (Perl's native |
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20 | platform), as are other systems like VMS, DOS, OS/2, Windows, |
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21 | QNX, BeOS, and the Amiga. There are also the beginnings of support |
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22 | for MPE/iX. |
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23 | |
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24 | Binary distributions for some proprietary platforms, including |
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25 | Apple systems, can be found http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ directory. |
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26 | Because these are not part of the standard distribution, they may |
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27 | and in fact do differ from the base Perl port in a variety of ways. |
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28 | You'll have to check their respective release notes to see just |
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29 | what the differences are. These differences can be either positive |
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30 | (e.g. extensions for the features of the particular platform that |
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31 | are not supported in the source release of perl) or negative (e.g. |
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32 | might be based upon a less current source release of perl). |
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33 | |
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34 | =head2 How can I get a binary version of Perl? |
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35 | |
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36 | If you don't have a C compiler because your vendor for whatever |
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37 | reasons did not include one with your system, the best thing to do is |
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38 | grab a binary version of gcc from the net and use that to compile perl |
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39 | with. CPAN only has binaries for systems that are terribly hard to |
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40 | get free compilers for, not for Unix systems. |
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41 | |
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42 | Some URLs that might help you are: |
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43 | |
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44 | http://language.perl.com/info/software.html |
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45 | http://www.perl.com/pub/language/info/software.html#binary |
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46 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ |
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47 | |
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48 | Someone looking for a Perl for Win16 might look to Laszlo Molnar's djgpp |
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49 | port in http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/msdos/ , which comes with clear |
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50 | installation instructions. A simple installation guide for MS-DOS using |
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51 | Ilya Zakharevich's OS/2 port is available at |
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52 | http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perl5dos.html |
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53 | and similarly for Windows 3.1 at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perlwin3.html . |
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54 | |
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55 | =head2 I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl? |
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56 | |
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57 | Since you don't have a C compiler, you're doomed and your vendor |
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58 | should be sacrificed to the Sun gods. But that doesn't help you. |
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59 | |
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60 | What you need to do is get a binary version of gcc for your system |
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61 | first. Consult the Usenet FAQs for your operating system for |
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62 | information on where to get such a binary version. |
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63 | |
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64 | =head2 I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work. |
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65 | |
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66 | That's probably because you forgot libraries, or library paths differ. |
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67 | You really should build the whole distribution on the machine it will |
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68 | eventually live on, and then type C<make install>. Most other |
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69 | approaches are doomed to failure. |
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70 | |
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71 | One simple way to check that things are in the right place is to print out |
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72 | the hard-coded @INC which perl is looking for. |
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73 | |
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74 | % perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC)' |
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75 | |
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76 | If this command lists any paths which don't exist on your system, then you |
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77 | may need to move the appropriate libraries to these locations, or create |
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78 | symbolic links, aliases, or shortcuts appropriately. @INC is also printed as |
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79 | part of the output of |
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80 | |
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81 | % perl -V |
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82 | |
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83 | You might also want to check out L<perlfaq8/"How do I keep my own |
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84 | module/library directory?">. |
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85 | |
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86 | =head2 I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work? |
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87 | |
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88 | Read the F<INSTALL> file, which is part of the source distribution. |
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89 | It describes in detail how to cope with most idiosyncrasies that the |
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90 | Configure script can't work around for any given system or |
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91 | architecture. |
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92 | |
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93 | =head2 What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean? |
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94 | |
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95 | CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a huge archive |
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96 | replicated on dozens of machines all over the world. CPAN contains |
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97 | source code, non-native ports, documentation, scripts, and many |
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98 | third-party modules and extensions, designed for everything from |
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99 | commercial database interfaces to keyboard/screen control to web |
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100 | walking and CGI scripts. The master machine for CPAN is |
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101 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/, but you can use the |
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102 | address http://www.perl.com/CPAN/CPAN.html to fetch a copy from a |
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103 | "site near you". See http://www.perl.com/CPAN (without a slash at the |
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104 | end) for how this process works. |
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105 | |
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106 | CPAN/path/... is a naming convention for files available on CPAN |
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107 | sites. CPAN indicates the base directory of a CPAN mirror, and the |
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108 | rest of the path is the path from that directory to the file. For |
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109 | instance, if you're using ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
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110 | as your CPAN site, the file CPAN/misc/japh file is downloadable as |
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111 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/misc/japh . |
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112 | |
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113 | Considering that there are hundreds of existing modules in the |
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114 | archive, one probably exists to do nearly anything you can think of. |
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115 | Current categories under CPAN/modules/by-category/ include Perl core |
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116 | modules; development support; operating system interfaces; networking, |
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117 | devices, and interprocess communication; data type utilities; database |
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118 | interfaces; user interfaces; interfaces to other languages; filenames, |
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119 | file systems, and file locking; internationalization and locale; world |
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120 | wide web support; server and daemon utilities; archiving and |
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121 | compression; image manipulation; mail and news; control flow |
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122 | utilities; filehandle and I/O; Microsoft Windows modules; and |
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123 | miscellaneous modules. |
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124 | |
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125 | =head2 Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl? |
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126 | |
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127 | Certainly not. Larry expects that he'll be certified before Perl is. |
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128 | |
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129 | =head2 Where can I get information on Perl? |
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130 | |
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131 | The complete Perl documentation is available with the Perl distribution. |
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132 | If you have Perl installed locally, you probably have the documentation |
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133 | installed as well: type C<man perl> if you're on a system resembling Unix. |
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134 | This will lead you to other important man pages, including how to set your |
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135 | $MANPATH. If you're not on a Unix system, access to the documentation |
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136 | will be different; for example, it might be only in HTML format. But all |
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137 | proper Perl installations have fully-accessible documentation. |
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138 | |
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139 | You might also try C<perldoc perl> in case your system doesn't |
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140 | have a proper man command, or it's been misinstalled. If that doesn't |
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141 | work, try looking in /usr/local/lib/perl5/pod for documentation. |
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142 | |
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143 | If all else fails, consult the CPAN/doc directory, which contains the |
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144 | complete documentation in various formats, including native pod, |
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145 | troff, html, and plain text. There's also a web page at |
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146 | http://www.perl.com/perl/info/documentation.html that might help. |
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147 | |
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148 | Many good books have been written about Perl -- see the section below |
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149 | for more details. |
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150 | |
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151 | Tutorial documents are included in current or upcoming Perl releases |
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152 | include L<perltoot> for objects, L<perlopentut> for file opening |
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153 | semantics, L<perlreftut> for managing references, and L<perlxstut> |
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154 | for linking C and Perl together. There may be more by the |
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155 | time you read this. The following URLs might also be of |
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156 | assistance: |
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157 | |
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158 | http://language.perl.com/info/documentation.html |
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159 | http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?tutorials |
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160 | |
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161 | =head2 What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions? |
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162 | |
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163 | The now defunct comp.lang.perl newsgroup has been superseded by the |
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164 | following groups: |
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165 | |
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166 | comp.lang.perl.announce Moderated announcement group |
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167 | comp.lang.perl.misc Very busy group about Perl in general |
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168 | comp.lang.perl.moderated Moderated discussion group |
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169 | comp.lang.perl.modules Use and development of Perl modules |
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170 | comp.lang.perl.tk Using Tk (and X) from Perl |
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171 | |
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172 | comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Writing CGI scripts for the Web. |
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173 | |
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174 | There is also Usenet gateway to the mailing list used by the crack |
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175 | Perl development team (perl5-porters) at |
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176 | news://news.perl.com/perl.porters-gw/ . |
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177 | |
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178 | =head2 Where should I post source code? |
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179 | |
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180 | You should post source code to whichever group is most appropriate, but |
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181 | feel free to cross-post to comp.lang.perl.misc. If you want to cross-post |
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182 | to alt.sources, please make sure it follows their posting standards, |
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183 | including setting the Followup-To header line to NOT include alt.sources; |
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184 | see their FAQ (http://www.faqs.org/faqs/alt-sources-intro/) for details. |
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185 | |
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186 | If you're just looking for software, first use AltaVista |
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187 | (http://www.altavista.com), Deja (http://www.deja.com), and |
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188 | search CPAN. This is faster and more productive than just posting |
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189 | a request. |
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190 | |
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191 | =head2 Perl Books |
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192 | |
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193 | A number of books on Perl and/or CGI programming are available. A few of |
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194 | these are good, some are OK, but many aren't worth your money. Tom |
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195 | Christiansen maintains a list of these books, some with extensive |
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196 | reviews, at http://www.perl.com/perl/critiques/index.html. |
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197 | |
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198 | The incontestably definitive reference book on Perl, written by |
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199 | the creator of Perl, is now in its second edition: |
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200 | |
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201 | Programming Perl (the "Camel Book"): |
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202 | by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal Schwartz |
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203 | ISBN 1-56592-149-6 (English) |
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204 | ISBN 4-89052-384-7 (Japanese) |
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205 | URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pperl2/ |
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206 | (French, German, Italian, and Hungarian translations also |
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207 | available) |
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208 | |
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209 | The companion volume to the Camel containing thousands |
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210 | of real-world examples, mini-tutorials, and complete programs |
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211 | (first premiering at the 1998 Perl Conference), is: |
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212 | |
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213 | The Perl Cookbook (the "Ram Book"): |
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214 | by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington, |
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215 | with Foreword by Larry Wall |
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216 | ISBN: 1-56592-243-3 |
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217 | URL: http://perl.oreilly.com/cookbook/ |
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218 | |
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219 | If you're already a hard-core systems programmer, then the Camel Book |
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220 | might suffice for you to learn Perl from. But if you're not, check |
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221 | out: |
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222 | |
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223 | Learning Perl (the "Llama Book"): |
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224 | by Randal Schwartz and Tom Christiansen |
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225 | with Foreword by Larry Wall |
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226 | ISBN: 1-56592-284-0 |
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227 | URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lperl2/ |
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228 | |
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229 | Despite the picture at the URL above, the second edition of "Llama |
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230 | Book" really has a blue cover, and is updated for the 5.004 release |
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231 | of Perl. Various foreign language editions are available, including |
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232 | I<Learning Perl on Win32 Systems> (the Gecko Book). |
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233 | |
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234 | If you're not an accidental programmer, but a more serious and possibly |
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235 | even degreed computer scientist who doesn't need as much hand-holding as |
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236 | we try to provide in the Llama or its defurred cousin the Gecko, please |
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237 | check out the delightful book, I<Perl: The Programmer's Companion>, |
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238 | written by Nigel Chapman. |
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239 | |
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240 | You can order O'Reilly books directly from O'Reilly & Associates, |
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241 | 1-800-998-9938. Local/overseas is 1-707-829-0515. If you can |
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242 | locate an O'Reilly order form, you can also fax to 1-707-829-0104. |
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243 | See http://www.ora.com/ on the Web. |
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244 | |
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245 | What follows is a list of the books that the FAQ authors found personally |
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246 | useful. Your mileage may (but, we hope, probably won't) vary. |
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247 | |
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248 | Recommended books on (or mostly on) Perl follow; those marked with |
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249 | a star may be ordered from O'Reilly. |
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250 | |
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251 | =over |
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252 | |
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253 | =item References |
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254 | |
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255 | *Programming Perl |
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256 | by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal L. Schwartz |
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257 | |
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258 | *Perl 5 Desktop Reference |
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259 | by Johan Vromans |
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260 | |
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261 | *Perl in a Nutshell |
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262 | by Ellen Siever, Stephan Spainhour, and Nathan Patwardhan |
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263 | |
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264 | =item Tutorials |
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265 | |
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266 | *Learning Perl [2nd edition] |
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267 | by Randal L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen |
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268 | with foreword by Larry Wall |
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269 | |
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270 | *Learning Perl on Win32 Systems |
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271 | by Randal L. Schwartz, Erik Olson, and Tom Christiansen, |
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272 | with foreword by Larry Wall |
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273 | |
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274 | Perl: The Programmer's Companion |
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275 | by Nigel Chapman |
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276 | |
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277 | Cross-Platform Perl |
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278 | by Eric F. Johnson |
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279 | |
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280 | MacPerl: Power and Ease |
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281 | by Vicki Brown and Chris Nandor, foreword by Matthias Neeracher |
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282 | |
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283 | =item Task-Oriented |
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284 | |
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285 | *The Perl Cookbook |
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286 | by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington |
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287 | with foreword by Larry Wall |
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288 | |
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289 | Perl5 Interactive Course [2nd edition] |
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290 | by Jon Orwant |
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291 | |
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292 | *Advanced Perl Programming |
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293 | by Sriram Srinivasan |
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294 | |
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295 | Effective Perl Programming |
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296 | by Joseph Hall |
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297 | |
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298 | =item Special Topics |
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299 | |
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300 | *Mastering Regular Expressions |
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301 | by Jeffrey Friedl |
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302 | |
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303 | How to Set up and Maintain a World Wide Web Site [2nd edition] |
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304 | by Lincoln Stein |
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305 | |
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306 | *Learning Perl/Tk |
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307 | by Nancy Walsh |
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308 | |
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309 | =back |
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310 | |
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311 | =head2 Perl in Magazines |
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312 | |
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313 | The first and only periodical devoted to All Things Perl, I<The |
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314 | Perl Journal> contains tutorials, demonstrations, case studies, |
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315 | announcements, contests, and much more. TPJ has columns on web |
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316 | development, databases, Win32 Perl, graphical programming, regular |
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317 | expressions, and networking, and sponsors the Obfuscated Perl |
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318 | Contest. It is published quarterly under the gentle hand of its |
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319 | editor, Jon Orwant. See http://www.tpj.com/ or send mail to |
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320 | subscriptions@tpj.com . |
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321 | |
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322 | Beyond this, magazines that frequently carry high-quality articles |
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323 | on Perl are I<Web Techniques> (see http://www.webtechniques.com/), |
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324 | I<Performance Computing> (http://www.performance-computing.com/), and Usenix's |
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325 | newsletter/magazine to its members, I<login:>, at http://www.usenix.org/. |
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326 | Randal's Web Technique's columns are available on the web at |
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327 | http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/WebTechniques/. |
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328 | |
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329 | =head2 Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access |
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330 | |
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331 | To get the best (and possibly cheapest) performance, pick a site from |
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332 | the list below and use it to grab the complete list of mirror sites. |
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333 | From there you can find the quickest site for you. Remember, the |
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334 | following list is I<not> the complete list of CPAN mirrors. |
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335 | |
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336 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN-local |
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337 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN (redirects to an ftp mirror) |
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338 | ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/ |
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339 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
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340 | http://www.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/ |
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341 | ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
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342 | |
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343 | =head2 What mailing lists are there for Perl? |
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344 | |
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345 | Most of the major modules (Tk, CGI, libwww-perl) have their own |
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346 | mailing lists. Consult the documentation that came with the module for |
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347 | subscription information. The Perl Mongers attempt to maintain a |
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348 | list of mailing lists at: |
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349 | |
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350 | http://www.perl.org/support/online_support.html#mail |
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351 | |
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352 | =head2 Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc |
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353 | |
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354 | Have you tried Deja or AltaVista? Those are the |
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355 | best archives. Just look up "*perl*" as a newsgroup. |
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356 | |
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357 | http://www.deja.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=&DBS=2&ST=PS&defaultOp=AND&LNG=ALL&format=terse&showsort=date&maxhits=25&subjects=&groups=*perl*&authors=&fromdate=&todate= |
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358 | |
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359 | You'll probably want to trim that down a bit, though. |
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360 | |
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361 | You'll probably want more a sophisticated query and retrieval mechanism |
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362 | than a file listing, preferably one that allows you to retrieve |
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363 | articles using a fast-access indices, keyed on at least author, date, |
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364 | subject, thread (as in "trn") and probably keywords. The best |
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365 | solution the FAQ authors know of is the MH pick command, but it is |
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366 | very slow to select on 18000 articles. |
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367 | |
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368 | If you have, or know where can be found, the missing sections, please |
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369 | let perlfaq-suggestions@perl.com know. |
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370 | |
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371 | =head2 Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl? |
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372 | |
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373 | In a real sense, Perl already I<is> commercial software: It has a license |
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374 | that you can grab and carefully read to your manager. It is distributed |
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375 | in releases and comes in well-defined packages. There is a very large |
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376 | user community and an extensive literature. The comp.lang.perl.* |
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377 | newsgroups and several of the mailing lists provide free answers to your |
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378 | questions in near real-time. Perl has traditionally been supported by |
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379 | Larry, scores of software designers and developers, and myriads of |
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380 | programmers, all working for free to create a useful thing to make life |
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381 | better for everyone. |
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382 | |
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383 | However, these answers may not suffice for managers who require a |
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384 | purchase order from a company whom they can sue should anything go awry. |
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385 | Or maybe they need very serious hand-holding and contractual obligations. |
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386 | Shrink-wrapped CDs with Perl on them are available from several sources if |
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387 | that will help. For example, many Perl books carry a Perl distribution |
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388 | on them, as do the O'Reilly Perl Resource Kits (in both the Unix flavor |
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389 | and in the proprietary Microsoft flavor); the free Unix distributions |
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390 | also all come with Perl. |
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391 | |
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392 | Or you can purchase commercial incidence based support through the Perl |
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393 | Clinic. The following is a commercial from them: |
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394 | |
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395 | "The Perl Clinic is a commercial Perl support service operated by |
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396 | ActiveState Tool Corp. and The Ingram Group. The operators have many |
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397 | years of in-depth experience with Perl applications and Perl internals |
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398 | on a wide range of platforms. |
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399 | |
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400 | "Through our group of highly experienced and well-trained support engineers, |
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401 | we will put our best effort into understanding your problem, providing an |
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402 | explanation of the situation, and a recommendation on how to proceed." |
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403 | |
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404 | Contact The Perl Clinic at: |
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405 | |
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406 | www.PerlClinic.com |
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407 | |
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408 | North America Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8) |
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409 | Tel: 1 604 606-4611 hours 8am-6pm |
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410 | Fax: 1 604 606-4640 |
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411 | |
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412 | Europe (GMT) |
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413 | Tel: 00 44 1483 862814 |
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414 | Fax: 00 44 1483 862801 |
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415 | |
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416 | See also www.perl.com for updates on tutorials, training, and support. |
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417 | |
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418 | =head2 Where do I send bug reports? |
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419 | |
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420 | If you are reporting a bug in the perl interpreter or the modules |
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421 | shipped with Perl, use the I<perlbug> program in the Perl distribution or |
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422 | mail your report to perlbug@perl.com . |
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423 | |
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424 | If you are posting a bug with a non-standard port (see the answer to |
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425 | "What platforms is Perl available for?"), a binary distribution, or a |
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426 | non-standard module (such as Tk, CGI, etc), then please see the |
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427 | documentation that came with it to determine the correct place to post |
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428 | bugs. |
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429 | |
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430 | Read the perlbug(1) man page (perl5.004 or later) for more information. |
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431 | |
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432 | =head2 What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? |
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433 | |
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434 | The perl.com domain is owned by Tom Christiansen, who created it as a |
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435 | public service long before perl.org came about. Despite the name, it's a |
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436 | pretty non-commercial site meant to be a clearinghouse for information |
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437 | about all things Perlian, accepting no paid advertisements, bouncy |
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438 | happy GIFs, or silly Java applets on its pages. The Perl Home Page at |
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439 | http://www.perl.com/ is currently hosted on a T3 line courtesy of Songline |
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440 | Systems, a software-oriented subsidiary of O'Reilly and Associates. |
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441 | Other starting points include |
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442 | |
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443 | http://language.perl.com/ |
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444 | http://conference.perl.com/ |
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445 | http://reference.perl.com/ |
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446 | |
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447 | Perl Mongers is an advocacy organization for the Perl language. For |
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448 | details, see the Perl Mongers web site at http://www.perlmongers.org/. |
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449 | |
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450 | Perl Mongers uses the pm.org domain for services related to Perl user |
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451 | groups. See the Perl user group web site at http://www.pm.org/ for more |
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452 | information about joining, starting, or requesting services for a Perl |
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453 | user group. |
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454 | |
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455 | Perl Mongers also maintains the perl.org domain to provide general |
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456 | support services to the Perl community, including the hosting of mailing |
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457 | lists, web sites, and other services. The web site |
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458 | http://www.perl.org/ is a general advocacy site for the Perl language, |
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459 | and there are many other sub-domains for special topics, such as |
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460 | |
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461 | http://history.perl.org/ |
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462 | http://bugs.perl.org/ |
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463 | http://www.news.perl.org/ |
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464 | |
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465 | =head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT |
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466 | |
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467 | Copyright (c) 1997-1999 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington. |
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468 | All rights reserved. |
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469 | |
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470 | When included as an integrated part of the Standard Distribution |
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471 | of Perl or of its documentation (printed or otherwise), this works is |
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472 | covered under Perl's Artistic License. For separate distributions of |
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473 | all or part of this FAQ outside of that, see L<perlfaq>. |
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474 | |
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475 | Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public |
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476 | domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any |
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477 | derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you |
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478 | see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would |
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479 | be courteous but is not required. |
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